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A Guide to Tablature Notation


Written by Howard Wright

Contents

Reading Tab

Writing Tab


What is TAB

TAB or tablature is a method of writing down music played on guitar or bass. Instead of using symbols like in standard musical notation, it uses ordinary ASCII characters and numbers, making it ideal for places like the internet where anybody with any computer can link up, copy a TAB file, and read it.

What TAB will tell you

TAB will tell you what notes to play - it will tell you which string to hit and which fret to fret it at.

TAB will tell you where hammer-ons, pull-offs, bends, slides, harmonics and vibrato are used.

TAB will tell you what tuning the piece is in. If this isn't given explicitly, assume normal tuning. TAB should also give you information on use of capos etc.

TAB will give you an indication of the ryhthm of the piece - i.e it will tell you which are the long notes and which are the short notes.

However it will not tell you exactly how long or how short they are.

This leads me on to ...

What TAB won't tell you

TAB will (usually) not tell you the note lengths of the notes - so in most cases you will have to listen to the song yourself, with the TAB in front of you to work out the ryhthm of the notes.

TAB will not tell you which fingers you use to fret which note.

TAB will (usually) not tell you anything about picking and strumming - you will have to decide for yourself where to use upstrokes/downstrokes and so on.

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Reading Guitar Tablature

TAB notation - the basics

TAB is simple to read, and should be simple to write if you want to submit a song you have worked out yourself. The idea is this :

You start out with 6 lines (or four for bass). These correspond to the strings of the instrument. The top line is the highest pitch string, and the bottom line is the lowest pitch string. Below is a blank bit of TAB with the string names at the left.

E----------------------------------------------------------------

B----------------------------------------------------------------

G----------------------------------------------------------------

D----------------------------------------------------------------

A----------------------------------------------------------------

E----------------------------------------------------------------

Numbers are written on the lines to show you where to fret the string with the left hand. If a zero appears , this means play the open string. Like standard musical notation, you read from left to right to find out what order to play the notes. The following piece of TAB would mean play the sequence of notes (E F F# G G# A) on the bottom E string by moving up a fret at a time, starting with the open string.

E----------------------------------------------------------------

B----------------------------------------------------------------

G----------------------------------------------------------------

D----------------------------------------------------------------

A----------------------------------------------------------------

E---0--1--2--3--4--5---------------------------------------------

OK so far ?
Here we have notes being played one at a time. If two or more notes are to be played together, they are written on top of one another, again just like standard notation.
In the next example we have a G bar chord.

E----3-----------------------------------------------------------

B----3-----------------------------------------------------------

G----4-----------------------------------------------------------

D----5-----------------------------------------------------------

A----5-----------------------------------------------------------

E----3-----------------------------------------------------------

So this means play all these notes together as a chord.

You might see the same chord written like this :


E--------3-------------------------------------------------------

B-------3--------------------------------------------------------

G------4---------------------------------------------------------

D-----5----------------------------------------------------------

A----5-----------------------------------------------------------

E---3------------------------------------------------------------

Which would mean strum the same shape starting at the bottom string, so that each string is hit slightly later than the last string, but all notes will ring together. Below is am example of the same shape again, but now the gaps between the notes are bigger - so you would probably pick the strings separately instead of slowly strumming the shape.

E------------------3---------------------------------------------

B---------------3-----3------------------------------------------

G------------4-----------4---------------------------------------

D---------5-----------------5------------------------------------

A------5-----------------------5---------------------------------

E---3-----------------------------3------------------------------

You might ask - How do I know how fast or slow to play this ? Are all the notes supposed to be the same length ? This is where TAB differs from standard notation. Most often TAB will not give you any information on the note lengths. It is usually left up to you to listen to the song to pick up the rhythm. However - don't despair. TAB should give you some indications of timing. In the example above all the notes are evenly spaced so you can reasonably assume that the notes are the same length (maybe all eighth notes or quavers) but this may not always be true - it depends on who wrote the TAB.

As a general rule, the spacing of the notes on the TAB should tell you which notes are the long ones, and which are the short and fast ones, but obviously it won't tell you if a note is a triplet or anything like that. Again, this will depend strongly on the person who wrote the TAB.

As an example, here are the first few notes of the American National Anthem in TAB. You should see fairly clearly that the different spacing corresponds to the different note lengths.

E-----------------------0--------4--2-0--------------------------

B---0--------------0---------------------------------0-----------

G------1------1----------------------------1----3----------------

D--------2-------------------------------------------------------

A----------------------------------------------------------------

E----------------------------------------------------------------

Obviously it will be a lot easier to play the TAB for a song you know well than for a song you've never heard of because you will already be familiar with the ryhthms of the familiar song.

Other symbols used in TAB

So far I've looked at what notes to play : which string to hit, and where to fret it. I've mentioned how to get an idea of note lengths by looking at the spaces between notes on the TAB, but this can only be a rough guide. You will always have to check with the original track to work out details of the rhythm.

A lot of other imprtant information can be included in a piece of TAB. This includes hammer-ons, pull offs, slides, bends, vibrato and so on.

The standard practice is to write extra letters or symbols between notes to indicate how to play them. Here are the letters/symbols most often used :

  • h - hammer on
  • p - pull off
  • b - bend string up
  • r - release bend
  • / - slide up
  • \ - slide down
  • v - vibrato (sometimes written as ~)
  • t - right hand tap
  • x - play 'note' with heavy damping

For slides, s is sometimes used to indicate either an up or down slide. Symbols for harmonics are explained below in Section 3.2 That last one, the x, is used to get a choppy, percussive sound. You usually use your fretting hand to lightly damp the strings so that when you pick the note it sounds dead.

Note that the use of 'x' is totally different from the use of an 'x' when giving chord shapes.

For example if you wrote the chord of D, you would see :

EADGBE

xx0232

where the 'x's mean do not play this string. In tab it is implicitly assumed that a string is not played if it is not marked. So the same chord in TAB would be :

E-----2----------------------------------------------------------

B-----3----------------------------------------------------------

G-----2----------------------------------------------------------

D-----0----------------------------------------------------------

A----------------------------------------------------------------

E----------------------------------------------------------------

with no 'x'. The x is is only used in TAB to represent a heavily muted string which is picked/strummed to give a percussive sound.

There are a number of other symbols for things like whammy bar bends, pick scrapes and so on. There seems to be no particular standard way of writing these - details should be given in the TAB to explain what the symbols mean.

Bass TAB will probably need a few extra symbols to cope with the different techniques used in bass playing - for example slapping and 'popping' the string with thumb or middle finger. You could use 's' for slap and 'p' for pop as long as you wrote them underneath the lines of tab to distinguish them from slide and pull off which would be written on the lines of tab.

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Hammer ons and pull offs

With hammer-ons and pull-offs you might find things like these :

ddd

which would mean play the open E twice, then hit the A string at the 5th fret and hammer on to the 7th fret.
Pull offs look very similar :

E----3p0---------------------------------------------------------

B---------3p0----------------------------------------------------

G--------------2p0-----------------------------------------------

D-------------------2--------------------------------------------

A----------------------------------------------------------------

E----------------------------------------------------------------

Here we have a descending blues scale using pull-offs to the open strings. For each pull off you only pick the first note of the pair with the right hand - so in this example you would pick all the notes on the 3rd and 2nd frets, and the open strings would be sounded by pulling off.
Because you give the string an extra bit of energy when you hammer on and pull off, you only need to hit the first note with the picking hand. You could even have a long string of hammer-ons and pull-offs like this :

E----------------------------------------------------------------

B----------------------------------------------------------------

G---2h4p2h4p2h4p2h4p2h4p2----------------------------------------

D----------------------------------------------------------------

A----------------------------------------------------------------

E----------------------------------------------------------------

In this case you only pick the first note.

Note - you might see other symbols used to mean hammer on or pull off, for example ^ can be use to mean hammer-on and pull-off, e.g:

G---2^4^2----

which would mean "hit the note at the 2nd fret, hammer-on to the 4th and pull-off to the 2nd fret". It would make things easier if everyone used the same symbols, so unless you have a strong objection to 'h' and 'p' please use those. In any case, for any tab you send you should always explain what your symbols mean so if you use anything 'unconventional' make sure you explain what it means.

Bends

When bends are involved you need to know how much to bend the note up. This is indicated by writing a number after the 'b'. For example, if you see this :

E----------------------------------------------------------------

B------7b9-------------------------------------------------------

G----------------------------------------------------------------

D----------------------------------------------------------------

A----------------------------------------------------------------

E----------------------------------------------------------------

it means strike the B string at the 7th fret, then bend the note up two semitones (one whole step) so that it sounds the same pitch as a note fretted at the 9th fret would do. (Sometimes the bend is written with the second part in brackets, like this ---7b(9)--- )

Something like this :

E----------------------------------------------------------------

B------7b9--9r7--------------------------------------------------

G----------------------------------------------------------------

D----------------------------------------------------------------

A----------------------------------------------------------------

E----------------------------------------------------------------

means play the note at the 7th fret, bend up two semitones, strike the note again whilst it is still bent, then release the bend so that the note has it's normal pitch. Sometimes a pre-bend is used - this is where the string is bent up *before* the note is struck. After striking the note, the bend is released. Pre-bends are usually written like this:

E----------------------------------------------------------------

B------(7)b9r7--------------------------------------------------

G----------------------------------------------------------------

D----------------------------------------------------------------

A----------------------------------------------------------------

E----------------------------------------------------------------

This means: fret the note at the 7th fret and bend the string up two semitones (without actually playing the note). Now strike the string and release the bend.
You sometimes get a note which is bent up only a quarter of a tone or so. In this case it would look a bit strange to write :

B--------7b7.5--------

if you have to bend it up half a fret's worth. Instead it's written as :

      bend up 1/4 tone

E----------------------------------------------------------------

B------7b--------------------------------------------------------

G----------------------------------------------------------------

D----------------------------------------------------------------

A----------------------------------------------------------------

E----------------------------------------------------------------

with instructions on how much to bend written above the note.

Slides

The most common symbols used for slides are / for a slide up and \ for a slide down.
You might also see 's' used to mean slide.
You don't always need separate symbols for 'up' and 'down' slides since a line of TAB reading :

E----------------------------------------------------------------

B------7/9-------------------------------------------------------

G----------------------------------------------------------------

D----------------------------------------------------------------

A----------------------------------------------------------------

E----------------------------------------------------------------

is clearly a slide up from 7th to 9th fret. However you might also see things like these :

E----------------------------------------------------------------

B------/7-9-7\---------------------------------------------------

G----------------------------------------------------------------

D----------------------------------------------------------------

A----------------------------------------------------------------

E----------------------------------------------------------------

where the exact start or finish of a slide is not given. Here you have to know whether you're sliding up or down. In these cases use your judgement to choose the starting or finishing fret. The effect usually desired is to have a note 'swooping in' from a lower pitch or dropping suddenly in pitch as the note fades.

You could have a whole series of slides running together, like this

E----------------------------------------------------------------

B------7/9/11\9\7\6\7--------------------------------------------

G----------------------------------------------------------------

D----------------------------------------------------------------

A----------------------------------------------------------------

E----------------------------------------------------------------

which would mean you only strike the first note with the pick using the sustain to produce the other notes.

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Note length information

Occasionally you will find TAB which includes information on all of the note lengths. There seems to be no particular 'standard' way of doing this, but it usually involves a line of letters or symbols above the TAB.

See below (Section 3.2 part 6) for more details.

If the explanation of the timing symbols is not given in the TAB then you've got a problem ! In this case a quick email to the author to ask for enlightenment is the only way forward.

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Writing Guitar Tablature

Getting started

Perhaps one of the most important things to do before you start typing up a piece of TAB is to decide exactly how much information to include in it. The trick is to convey the right amount of information in a clear, easily readable form.

Questions you can ask yourself are :

By planning ahead a little you should be able to produce a clearly structured TAB which will not only be easier for others to read, but also easier for you to type in.
There are also choices to be made when deciding what package to use when typing the TAB in. All you really need is a simple text editor, however a mouse-driven editor will probably make things easier.
When you start typing in it saves time if you draw out one blank stave and then make 8 or 10 copies of these before you start typing in the fret numbers etc.
If you use a more complicated package like Microsoft Word then make sure that the characters you use are all the same length. If an 'm' character is wider than an 'i' character then your TAB is going to look very strange on another text editor. Choose a font where all charcters get the same width - Courier usually does the job.
There are also a number of programs available by ftp which were written specifically to make TAB writing easier. Details of these programs including ftp addresses are in the 'TABBING MADE EASY' FAQ by John Kean, along with other useful hints for writing TAB. You can obtain this FAQ from OLGA (www.olga.net\software.html).

To TAB or not to TAB

If a song can be described well with just chords, then it will be a lot easier to read and write if you just use the chord shapes, rather than tab out the chords.

BUT - if you do just send in the chords it makes things much clearer if you give the chord shapes as well. For example, if you wanted to send in Led Zeps 'Gallows Pole' you could write:

Intro :  A7 G/A A7  Am7  Dadd4/A  A7 G/A A7  Am7  Dadd4/A



Verse :  A7 G/A A7  Am7  Dadd4/A  A7 G/A A7  Am7  Dadd4/A

         A7 G/A A7  Am7  Dadd4/A  G   D

         A7 G/A A7  Am7  Dadd4/A  A7 G/A A7  Am7  Dadd4/A

(You should really have the words underneath as well, but I can't remember them at the moment !)

Now this is OK, but how many people actually know how to play Dadd4/A off the top of their heads ?

What you need to do is include some chord shapes like this :

EADGBE   EADGBE   EADGBE   EADGBE   EADGBE   EADGBE

x02020   x02010   x04035   320033   xx0232   x00000

  A7      Am7     Dadd4/A    G        D        G/A

To TAB out these chords will take a lot longer to type in, and will probably take people a lot longer to read and understand. Where a song is based around chords like this, it makes things much easier if you just give chord shapes and names, then show where the chords go in relation to the words.

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Things to do when writing TABs

One of the most important considerations when typing in TAB is to make it clear and easily readable.

There are a few simple things you can do to make things work

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Things to avoid


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